Become an AceSign inSign up
seemoo-lab/ toothpicker
Python JavaScript Shell
View on GitHub
Need help with toothpicker?
Click the “chat” button below for chat support from the developer who created it, or find similar developers for support.

About the developer

seemoo-lab
145 Stars 24 Forks MIT License 12 Commits 0 Opened issues

Services available

!
?

Need anything else?

Contributors list

ToothPicker Logo

ToothPicker

ToothPicker is an in-process, coverage-guided fuzzer for iOS. It was developed to specifically targets iOS's Bluetooth daemon 

bluetoothd
and to analyze various Bluetooth protocols on iOS. As it is built using FRIDA, it can be adapted to target any platform that runs FRIDA.

This repository also includes an over-the-air fuzzer with an exemplary implementation to fuzz Apple's MagicPairing protocol using InternalBlue. Additionally, it contains the 

ReplayCrashFile.py
script that can be used to verify crashes the in-process fuzzer has found.

New: Inplace Fuzzer (ToothFlipper)

This is a very simple fuzzer that only flips bits and bytes in active connections. No coverage-guidance, no injection, but nice as a demo and stateful. Runs just with Python+Frida, no modules or installation required. Tested on iOS 13.5-14.3. See inplace-fuzzer.

In-Process Fuzzer

The In-Process Fuzzer works out-of-the-box on various iOS versions (13.3-13.7 tested), but symbols need to be specified. Other iOS versions require adaptions to function addresses. Additionally, it seems like FRIDA's stalker has some problems with the iPhone 8. On newer iPhones that support PAC, the performance significantly suffers from signing pointers. Thus, it is recommended to run this on an iPhone 7.

ToothPicker
is built on the codebase of frizzer. However, it has been adapted for this specific application as therefore not compatible with the original version anymore. There exist plans to replace this with a more dedicated component in the future.

Prerequesits:

On the iPhone: - https://frida.re/docs/ios/

On Linux: - usbmuxd - libimobiledevice - Optional but recommended: virtualenv - radamsa (needed by frizzer)

For Arch-based Linux: ```bash

usbmuxd typically comes with libimobiledevice

but just to be sure, we manually install it as well

sudo pacman -S usbmuxd libimobiledevice python-virtualenv radamsa

Connect the iPhone to the computer

Unlock it.

If a pairing message pops up, click "Trust"

If no pairing message pops up:

idevicepair pair

Now there should be the pop up, accept and then again:

idevicepair pair

In case of connection errors:

sudo systemctl restart usbmuxd

or pair phone and computer again

Other useful commands

To ssh into the iPhone:

Checkra1n comes with an SSH server listening on Port 44

Proxy the phone's SSH port to 4444 localport:

iproxy 4444 44

Connect:

ssh [email protected] -p 4444

Default password: alpine

To fetch some device information of the phone:

ideviceinfo ```

For Debian Linux:

Almost the same as above. Exceptions:

  • radamsa
    needs to be installed from the git repository because it is not packaged.
  • The command 
    iproxy
    requires the additional package 
    libusbmuxd-tools
    .

For macOS:

Slightly different commands compared to the Arch Linux setup... 

bash
brew install libimobiledevice usbmuxd radamsa npm
idevicepair pair
npm install frida-compile
pip3 install frida-tools

On macOS, PacketLogger, which is part of the Additional Tools for Xcode, can decode various packets once the Bluetooth Debug Profile is installed. Moreover, if you open iOS crash logs with Xcode, it will add some symbols.

Setup and Fuzzing

Setup: - It is recommended to set up a virtual Python environment for 

frizzer
. - Install the required packages by running in the 
frizzer
directory. - The 
projects
directory contains an example project to fuzz the 
MagicPairing
protocol. - To build the harness compile the general harness and the specialized 
MagicPairing
harness into one file. - 
cd
into the 
harness
directory and install 
frida-compile
. Note that this needs to be run in that folder and can be directly installed as user by running 
npm install frida-compile
. - Now run 
frida-compile ../projects/YOUR_PROJECT/YOUR_SPECIALIZED_HARNESS.JS -o ../projects/YOUR_PROJECT/harness.js
. As this was installed in npm context it might require running 
npx frida-compile
instead. Each time the harness changes, you need to rerun 
frida-compile
.

Fuzzing: - Connect an iOS device to your computer. - It is advisable to put the phone in flight mode and turn on the "Do not disturb" feature to limit any other activity on the phone. - Run 

killall -9 bluetoothd
to freshly start 
bluetoothd
. - Make sure the phone does not connect to other Bluetooth devices. - Now, 
cd
back into your project's directory, create the crashlog-directory (
mkdir crashes
) and run 
../../frizzer/fuzzer.py fuzz -p .
- Yay! Now collect zero days and obtain large amounts of cash from Apple! (Or collect a huge list of useless NULL-pointer dereferences...)

In short, for starting a new project, run: 

bash
cd harness
npx frida-compile ../projects/YOUR_PROJECT/YOUR_SPECIALIZED_HARNESS.JS -o ../projects/YOUR_PROJECT/harness.js
cd ../projects/YOUR_PROJECT/
mkdir crashes
../../frizzer/fuzzer.py fuzz -p .

You can start with a different seed by using 

frizzer/fuzzer.py fuzz --seed 1234 -p .
.

Adding new iOS versions:

Currently, different versions of iOS are defined in 

bluetoothd.js
. You can find these with the Ghidra versioning tool given an initial version that has all the required symbols. Note that some of them are not named in the original iOS binary, so ideally start with one that was already annotated before. Each time the 
bluetoothd.js
changes, you need to re-run 
frida-compile
.

Increasing bluetoothd capacities:

iOS crash logs are stored in 

Settings -> Privacy -> Analytics & Improvements -> Analytics Data
. If they contain 
bluetoothd
crashes of the pattern 
bluetoothd.cpu_resource-*.ips
this indicates that the crash was caused due to exceeding resources. They can be increased as follows.

On an iPhone 7, run: 

bash
cd /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/
plistutil -i com.apple.jetsamproperties.D10.plist -o com.apple.jetsamproperties.D10.plist.txt
plistutil -i com.apple.jetsamproperties.D101.plist -o com.apple.jetsamproperties.D101.plist.txt

On iPhone SE2, these are in 

com.apple.jetsamproperties.D79.plist
.: 
bash
cd /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/
plistutil -i com.apple.jetsamproperties.D79.plist -o com.apple.jetsamproperties.D79.plist.txt

Search for 

bluetoothd
, update the priority to 19 (highest valid priority) and set the memory limit to something very high. Apply the same changes to both files. 
       ActiveSoftMemoryLimit
       24000
       InactiveHardMemoryLimit
       24000
       EnablePressuredExit
       
       JetsamPriority
       19

Write the changes back and restart 

bluetoothd
. 
bash
plistutil -i com.apple.jetsamproperties.D10.plist.txt -o com.apple.jetsamproperties.D10.plist
plistutil -i com.apple.jetsamproperties.D101.plist.txt -o com.apple.jetsamproperties.D101.plist
killall -9 bluetoothd

Respectively on the iPhone SE2: 

bash
plistutil -i com.apple.jetsamproperties.D79.plist.txt -o com.apple.jetsamproperties.D79.plist
killall -9 bluetoothd

Deleting old logs:

iOS stops saving crash logs for one program after the limit of 25 is reached. If loading a crash log with Xcode (via Simulators&Devices), some symbols are added to the stack trace. Once the limit is reached, the logs can either be removed via Xcode or directly on the iOS device by deleting them in the folder 

/var/mobile/Library/Logs/CrashReporter/
.

A12+:

Starting from the iPhone XR/Xs, PAC has been introduced. This requires calling 

sign()
on 
NativeFunction
in FRIDA. While this is a no-op on earlier CPUs, this tremendously reduces speed on newer devices, but is required to make them work at all. We observed that ToothPicker operates at half the speed when using an iPhone SE2 instead of an iPhone 7.

Over-the-Air Fuzzer and Crash Replay

The 

MagicPairing
implementation of the over-the-air fuzzer requires InternalBlue to be installed and can be executed by running 
python MagicPairingFuzzer.py TARGET_BD_ADDR
.

If you want to reproduce crashes, use the ReplayCrashFile.py script, which can take a crash file and initiates an over-the-air connection with a payload based on the crash.

We use cookies. If you continue to browse the site, you agree to the use of cookies. For more information on our use of cookies please see our Privacy Policy.