qs

A querystring parsing and stringifying library with some added security.

Lead Maintainer: Jordan Harband

The qs module was originally created and maintained by TJ Holowaychuk.

Usage

var qs = require('qs');
var assert = require('assert');

var obj = qs.parse('a=c');
assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'c' });
var str = qs.stringify(obj);
assert.equal(str, 'a=c');

Parsing Objects

javascript
qs.parse(string, [options]);

qs allows you to create nested objects within your query strings, by surrounding the name of sub-keys with square brackets

[]

'foo[bar]=baz'

assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar]=baz'), {
    foo: {
        bar: 'baz'
    }
});

When using the

plainObjects

Object.create(null)

var nullObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { plainObjects: true });
assert.deepEqual(nullObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });

By default parameters that would overwrite properties on the object prototype are ignored, if you wish to keep the data from those fields either use

plainObjects

allowPrototypes

true

var protoObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { allowPrototypes: true });
assert.deepEqual(protoObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });

URI encoded strings work too:

assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a%5Bb%5D=c'), {
    a: { b: 'c' }
});

You can also nest your objects, like

'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'

assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'), {
    foo: {
        bar: {
            baz: 'foobarbaz'
        }
    }
});

By default, when nesting objects qs will only parse up to 5 children deep. This means if you attempt to parse a string like

'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'

var expected = {
    a: {
        b: {
            c: {
                d: {
                    e: {
                        f: {
                            '[g][h][i]': 'j'
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
};
var string = 'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j';
assert.deepEqual(qs.parse(string), expected);

This depth can be overridden by passing a

depth

qs.parse(string, [options])

var deep = qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1 });
assert.deepEqual(deep, { a: { b: { '[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]': 'j' } } });

The depth limit helps mitigate abuse when qs is used to parse user input, and it is recommended to keep it a reasonably small number.

For similar reasons, by default qs will only parse up to 1000 parameters. This can be overridden by passing a

parameterLimit

var limited = qs.parse('a=b&c=d', { parameterLimit: 1 });
assert.deepEqual(limited, { a: 'b' });

To bypass the leading question mark, use

ignoreQueryPrefix

var prefixed = qs.parse('?a=b&c=d', { ignoreQueryPrefix: true });
assert.deepEqual(prefixed, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });

An optional delimiter can also be passed:

var delimited = qs.parse('a=b;c=d', { delimiter: ';' });
assert.deepEqual(delimited, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });

Delimiters can be a regular expression too:

var regexed = qs.parse('a=b;c=d,e=f', { delimiter: /[;,]/ });
assert.deepEqual(regexed, { a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' });

Option

allowDots

var withDots = qs.parse('a.b=c', { allowDots: true });
assert.deepEqual(withDots, { a: { b: 'c' } });

If you have to deal with legacy browsers or services, there's also support for decoding percent-encoded octets as iso-8859-1:

var oldCharset = qs.parse('a=%A7', { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.deepEqual(oldCharset, { a: '§' });

Some services add an initial

utf8=✓

application/x-www-form-urlencoded

accept-charset

qs supports this mechanism via the

charsetSentinel

utf8

iso-8859-1

utf-8

Important: When you specify both the

charset

charsetSentinel

charset

utf8

charset

var detectedAsUtf8 = qs.parse('utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%C3%B8', {
    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
    charsetSentinel: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsUtf8, { a: 'ø' });

// Browsers encode the checkmark as ✓ when submitting as iso-8859-1:
var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%F8', {
    charset: 'utf-8',
    charsetSentinel: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: 'ø' });

If you want to decode the

...;

interpretNumericEntities

var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('a=%26%239786%3B', {
    charset: 'iso-8859-1',
    interpretNumericEntities: true
});
assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: '☺' });

It also works when the charset has been detected in

charsetSentinel

Parsing Arrays

qs can also parse arrays using a similar

[]

var withArray = qs.parse('a[]=b&a[]=c');
assert.deepEqual(withArray, { a: ['b', 'c'] });

You may specify an index as well:

var withIndexes = qs.parse('a[1]=c&a[0]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withIndexes, { a: ['b', 'c'] });

Note that the only difference between an index in an array and a key in an object is that the value between the brackets must be a number to create an array. When creating arrays with specific indices, qs will compact a sparse array to only the existing values preserving their order:

var noSparse = qs.parse('a[1]=b&a[15]=c');
assert.deepEqual(noSparse, { a: ['b', 'c'] });

You may also use

allowSparse

var sparseArray = qs.parse('a[1]=2&a[3]=5', { allowSparse: true });
assert.deepEqual(sparseArray, { a: [, '2', , '5'] });

Note that an empty string is also a value, and will be preserved:

var withEmptyString = qs.parse('a[]=&a[]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withEmptyString, { a: ['', 'b'] });

var withIndexedEmptyString = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[1]=&a[2]=c');
assert.deepEqual(withIndexedEmptyString, { a: ['b', '', 'c'] });

qs will also limit specifying indices in an array to a maximum index of

20

20

a[999999999]

var withMaxIndex = qs.parse('a[100]=b');
assert.deepEqual(withMaxIndex, { a: { '100': 'b' } });

This limit can be overridden by passing an

arrayLimit

var withArrayLimit = qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0 });
assert.deepEqual(withArrayLimit, { a: { '1': 'b' } });

To disable array parsing entirely, set

parseArrays

false

var noParsingArrays = qs.parse('a[]=b', { parseArrays: false });
assert.deepEqual(noParsingArrays, { a: { '0': 'b' } });

If you mix notations, qs will merge the two items into an object:

var mixedNotation = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[b]=c');
assert.deepEqual(mixedNotation, { a: { '0': 'b', b: 'c' } });

You can also create arrays of objects:

var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a[][b]=c');
assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: [{ b: 'c' }] });

Some people use comma to join array, qs can parse it:

javascript
var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a=b,c', { comma: true })
assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: ['b', 'c'] })

a={b:1},{c:d}

Stringifying

javascript
qs.stringify(object, [options]);

When stringifying, qs by default URI encodes output. Objects are stringified as you would expect:

assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b' }), 'a=b');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }), 'a%5Bb%5D=c');

This encoding can be disabled by setting the

encode

false

var unencoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encode: false });
assert.equal(unencoded, 'a[b]=c');

Encoding can be disabled for keys by setting the

encodeValuesOnly

true

javascript
var encodedValues = qs.stringify(
    { a: 'b', c: ['d', 'e=f'], f: [['g'], ['h']] },
    { encodeValuesOnly: true }
);
assert.equal(encodedValues,'a=b&c[0]=d&c[1]=e%3Df&f[0][0]=g&f[1][0]=h');

This encoding can also be replaced by a custom encoding method set as

encoder

var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str) {
    // Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`
    return // Return encoded string
}})

(Note: the

encoder

encode

false

Analogue to the

encoder

decoder

parse

var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str) {
    // Passed in values `x`, `z`
    return // Return decoded string
}})

You can encode keys and values using different logic by using the type argument provided to the encoder:

var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str, defaultEncoder, charset, type) {
    if (type === 'key') {
        return // Encoded key
    } else if (type === 'value') {
        return // Encoded value
    }
}})

The type argument is also provided to the decoder:

var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str, defaultEncoder, charset, type) {
    if (type === 'key') {
        return // Decoded key
    } else if (type === 'value') {
        return // Decoded value
    }
}})

Examples beyond this point will be shown as though the output is not URI encoded for clarity. Please note that the return values in these cases will be URI encoded during real usage.

When arrays are stringified, by default they are given explicit indices:

qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });
// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c&a[2]=d'

You may override this by setting the

indices

false

qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] }, { indices: false });
// 'a=b&a=c&a=d'

You may use the

arrayFormat

qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'indices' })
// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'brackets' })
// 'a[]=b&a[]=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'repeat' })
// 'a=b&a=c'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'comma' })
// 'a=b,c'

When objects are stringified, by default they use bracket notation:

qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } });
// 'a[b][c]=d&a[b][e]=f'

You may override this to use dot notation by setting the

allowDots

true

qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } }, { allowDots: true });
// 'a.b.c=d&a.b.e=f'

Empty strings and null values will omit the value, but the equals sign (=) remains in place:

assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: '' }), 'a=');

Key with no values (such as an empty object or array) will return nothing:

assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [] }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: {} }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [{}] }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: []} }), '');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: {}} }), '');

Properties that are set to

undefined

assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: null, b: undefined }), 'a=');

The query string may optionally be prepended with a question mark:

assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '?a=b&c=d');

The delimiter may be overridden with stringify as well:

assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { delimiter: ';' }), 'a=b;c=d');

If you only want to override the serialization of

Date

serializeDate

var date = new Date(7);
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: date }), 'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'.replace(/:/g, '%3A'));
assert.equal(
    qs.stringify({ a: date }, { serializeDate: function (d) { return d.getTime(); } }),
    'a=7'
);

You may use the

sort

function alphabeticalSort(a, b) {
    return a.localeCompare(b);
}
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'c', z: 'y', b : 'f' }, { sort: alphabeticalSort }), 'a=c&b=f&z=y');

Finally, you can use the

filter

function filterFunc(prefix, value) {
    if (prefix == 'b') {
        // Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.
        return;
    }
    if (prefix == 'e[f]') {
        return value.getTime();
    }
    if (prefix == 'e[g][0]') {
        return value * 2;
    }
    return value;
}
qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: { f: new Date(123), g: [2] } }, { filter: filterFunc });
// 'a=b&c=d&e[f]=123&e[g][0]=4'
qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 'e'] });
// 'a=b&e=f'
qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'], e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 0, 2] });
// 'a[0]=b&a[2]=d'

Handling of

null

values

By default,

null

var withNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' });
assert.equal(withNull, 'a=&b=');

Parsing does not distinguish between parameters with and without equal signs. Both are converted to empty strings.

var equalsInsensitive = qs.parse('a&b=');
assert.deepEqual(equalsInsensitive, { a: '', b: '' });

To distinguish between

null

strictNullHandling

null

=

var strictNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' }, { strictNullHandling: true });
assert.equal(strictNull, 'a&b=');

To parse values without

=

null

strictNullHandling

var parsedStrictNull = qs.parse('a&b=', { strictNullHandling: true });
assert.deepEqual(parsedStrictNull, { a: null, b: '' });

To completely skip rendering keys with

null

skipNulls

var nullsSkipped = qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: null}, { skipNulls: true });
assert.equal(nullsSkipped, 'a=b');

If you're communicating with legacy systems, you can switch to

iso-8859-1

charset

var iso = qs.stringify({ æ: 'æ' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(iso, '%E6=%E6');

Characters that don't exist in

iso-8859-1

var numeric = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(numeric, 'a=%26%239786%3B');

You can use the

charsetSentinel

utf8=✓

var sentinel = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charsetSentinel: true });
assert.equal(sentinel, 'utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%E2%98%BA');

var isoSentinel = qs.stringify({ a: 'æ' }, { charsetSentinel: true, charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
assert.equal(isoSentinel, 'utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%E6');

Dealing with special character sets

By default the encoding and decoding of characters is done in

utf-8

iso-8859-1

charset

If you wish to encode querystrings to a different character set (i.e. Shift JIS) you can use the

qs-iconv

var encoder = require('qs-iconv/encoder')('shift_jis');
var shiftJISEncoded = qs.stringify({ a: 'こんにちは！' }, { encoder: encoder });
assert.equal(shiftJISEncoded, 'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I');

This also works for decoding of query strings:

var decoder = require('qs-iconv/decoder')('shift_jis');
var obj = qs.parse('a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I', { decoder: decoder });
assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'こんにちは！' });

RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding

RFC3986 used as default option and encodes ' ' to %20 which is backward compatible. In the same time, output can be stringified as per RFC1738 with ' ' equal to '+'.

assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');

Security

Please email @ljharb or see https://tidelift.com/security if you have a potential security vulnerability to report.

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